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panchromatic film
Panchromatic emulsion is a type of black-and-white photographic emulsion that is sensitive to all wavelengths of visible light.
==Description==
A panchromatic emulsion produces a realistic reproduction of a scene as it appears to the human eye. Almost all modern photographic film is panchromatic, but some types are orthochromatic and are not sensitive to certain wavelengths of light. As naturally prepared, silver halide emulsions are much more sensitive to blue and UV light than to green and red wavelengths. The German chemist Hermann W. Vogel found out how to extend the sensitivity into the green, and later the orange, by adding sensitising dyes to the emulsion. By the addition of erythrosine the emulsion could be made orthochromatic while some cyanine derivatives confer sensitivity to the whole visible spectrum making it panchromatic. However, his technique was not extended to achieve a fully panchromatic film until the early 1900s, shortly after his death. Panchromatic stock for still photographic plates became available commercially in 1906.〔Ralph E. Jacobson ''et al.'', ''(The Manual of Photography: Photographic and Digital Imaging )'', 9th ed., Focal Press, p. 208. ISBN 978-0-240-51574-8.〕 The switch from orthochromatic film, however, was only gradual. Panchromatic plates cost two to three times as much, and had to be developed in darkness, unlike orthochromatic—which, being insensitive to red, could be developed under a red light in the darkroom.〔Geo. F. Greenfield, "(Practical Panchromatism in the Studio )", ''Wilson's Photographic Magazine'', October 1912, p. 460–461.〕 And the process that increased the film's sensitivity to yellow and red also made it oversensitive to blue and violet, requiring a yellow-red lens filter to correct it, which in turn reduced the total amount of light and increased the necessary exposure time.〔"(Photography )", ''The Encyclopædia Britannica'', 1911, vol. 21, p. 518.〕
Orthochromatic film proved troublesome for motion pictures, rendering pink skies as perpetually overcast, blond hair as washed-out, blue eyes nearly white, and red lips nearly black. To some degree this could be corrected by makeup, lens filters, and lighting, but never completely satisfactorily. But even those solutions were unusable for additive color motion picture systems like Kinemacolor and Prizma color, which photographed on black-and-white stock behind alternating color filters. In those cases, negative film stock after it arrived from the manufacturer had to be passed through a color-sensitizing solution, a time-consuming process that increased the film's cost from 3 cents per foot to 7 cents.〔Frederick A. Talbot, ''(Moving Pictures: How They Are Made and Worked )'', J.B. Lippincott Co., 1912, p. 293–294.〕 Eastman Kodak, the supplier of motion picture film, introduced a panchromatic film stock in September 1913, available on special order for photographing color motion pictures in additive systems.〔Richard Koszarski, ''An Evening's Entertainment: The Age of the Silent Feature Picture, 1915-1928'', University of California Press, 1994, p. 140. ISBN 978-0-520-08535-0.〕 Cameramen began using it for black-and-white films too in 1918, primarily for outdoor scenes. The company introduced Kodak Panchromatic Cine Film as a regular stock in 1922.〔(Kodak: Chronology of Motion Picture Films, 1889 to 1939 ).〕 The first black-and-white feature film photographed entirely on panchromatic stock was ''The Headless Horseman'' (1922).〔Richard Koszarski, ''An Evening's Entertainment: The Age of the Silent Feature Picture, 1915-1928'', University of California Press, 1994, p. 140. ISBN 978-0-520-08535-0. Color features, by necessity, had always been photographed on panchromatic film; e.g. ''The World, the Flesh and the Devil'' (1914) and ''The Gulf Between'' (1917).〕 But panchromatic stock was more expensive, and not until the prices were equalized by competition in 1926 did it become used more widely than orthochromatic stock. Kodak discontinued manufacturing general-purpose orthochromatic motion picture film in 1930.〔(Kodak: Chronology of Motion Picture Films, 1889 to 1939 ).〕
Digital panchromatic imagery of the Earth's surface is also produced by some modern satellites, such as QuickBird and IKONOS. This imagery is extremely useful, as it is generally of a much higher (spatial) resolution than the multispectral imagery from the same satellite. For example, the QuickBird satellite produces panchromatic imagery having a pixel equivalent to an area 0.6m x 0.6m, while the multispectral pixels represent an area of 2.4m x 2.4m.
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